Proyectos de Subversion Moodle

---

layout: docs

title: Forms

description: Examples and usage guidelines for form control styles, layout options, and custom components for creating a wide variety of forms.

group: components

toc: true

---

## Overview

Bootstrap's form controls expand on [our Rebooted form styles]({{< docsref "/content/reboot#forms" >}}) with classes. Use these classes to opt into their customized displays for a more consistent rendering across browsers and devices.

Be sure to use an appropriate `type` attribute on all inputs (e.g., `email` for email address or `number` for numerical information) to take advantage of newer input controls like email verification, number selection, and more.

Here's a quick example to demonstrate Bootstrap's form styles. Keep reading for documentation on required classes, form layout, and more.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleInputEmail1">Email address</label>

    <input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail1" aria-describedby="emailHelp">

    <small id="emailHelp" class="form-text text-muted">We'll never share your email with anyone else.</small>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleInputPassword1">Password</label>

    <input type="password" class="form-control" id="exampleInputPassword1">

  </div>

  <div class="form-group form-check">

    <input type="checkbox" class="form-check-input" id="exampleCheck1">

    <label class="form-check-label" for="exampleCheck1">Check me out</label>

  </div>

  <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

## Form controls

Textual form controls—like `<input>`s, `<select>`s, and `<textarea>`s—are styled with the `.form-control` class. Included are styles for general appearance, focus state, sizing, and more.

Be sure to explore our [custom forms](#custom-forms) to further style `<select>`s.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleFormControlInput1">Email address</label>

    <input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleFormControlInput1" placeholder="name@example.com">

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleFormControlSelect1">Example select</label>

    <select class="form-control" id="exampleFormControlSelect1">

      <option>1</option>

      <option>2</option>

      <option>3</option>

      <option>4</option>

      <option>5</option>

    </select>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleFormControlSelect2">Example multiple select</label>

    <select multiple class="form-control" id="exampleFormControlSelect2">

      <option>1</option>

      <option>2</option>

      <option>3</option>

      <option>4</option>

      <option>5</option>

    </select>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleFormControlTextarea1">Example textarea</label>

    <textarea class="form-control" id="exampleFormControlTextarea1" rows="3"></textarea>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

For file inputs, swap the `.form-control` for `.form-control-file`.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="exampleFormControlFile1">Example file input</label>

    <input type="file" class="form-control-file" id="exampleFormControlFile1">

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

### Sizing

Set heights using classes like `.form-control-lg` and `.form-control-sm`.

{{< example >}}

<input class="form-control form-control-lg" type="text" placeholder=".form-control-lg">

<input class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Default input">

<input class="form-control form-control-sm" type="text" placeholder=".form-control-sm">

{{< /example >}}

{{< example >}}

<select class="form-control form-control-lg">

  <option>Large select</option>

</select>

<select class="form-control">

  <option>Default select</option>

</select>

<select class="form-control form-control-sm">

  <option>Small select</option>

</select>

{{< /example >}}

### Readonly

Add the `readonly` boolean attribute on an input to prevent modification of the input's value. Read-only inputs appear lighter (just like disabled inputs), but retain the standard cursor.

{{< example >}}

<input class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Readonly input here..." readonly>

{{< /example >}}

### Readonly plain text

If you want to have `<input readonly>` elements in your form styled as plain text, use the `.form-control-plaintext` class to remove the default form field styling and preserve the correct margin and padding.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="staticEmail" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Email</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="text" readonly class="form-control-plaintext" id="staticEmail" value="email@example.com">

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="inputPassword" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Password</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword">

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

{{< example >}}

<form class="form-inline">

  <div class="form-group mb-2">

    <label for="staticEmail2" class="sr-only">Email</label>

    <input type="text" readonly class="form-control-plaintext" id="staticEmail2" value="email@example.com">

  </div>

  <div class="form-group mx-sm-3 mb-2">

    <label for="inputPassword2" class="sr-only">Password</label>

    <input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword2" placeholder="Password">

  </div>

  <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary mb-2">Confirm identity</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

## Range Inputs

Set horizontally scrollable range inputs using `.form-control-range`.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="formControlRange">Example Range input</label>

    <input type="range" class="form-control-range" id="formControlRange">

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

## Checkboxes and radios

Default checkboxes and radios are improved upon with the help of `.form-check`, **a single class for both input types that improves the layout and behavior of their HTML elements**. Checkboxes are for selecting one or several options in a list, while radios are for selecting one option from many.

Disabled checkboxes and radios are supported. The `disabled` attribute will apply a lighter color to help indicate the input's state.

Checkboxes and radio buttons support HTML-based form validation and provide concise, accessible labels. As such, our `<input>`s and `<label>`s are sibling elements as opposed to an `<input>` within a `<label>`. This is slightly more verbose as you must specify `id` and `for` attributes to relate the `<input>` and `<label>`.

### Default (stacked)

By default, any number of checkboxes and radios that are immediate sibling will be vertically stacked and appropriately spaced with `.form-check`.

{{< example >}}

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="defaultCheck1">

  <label class="form-check-label" for="defaultCheck1">

    Default checkbox

  </label>

</div>

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="defaultCheck2" disabled>

  <label class="form-check-label" for="defaultCheck2">

    Disabled checkbox

  </label>

</div>

{{< /example >}}

{{< example >}}

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="exampleRadios" id="exampleRadios1" value="option1" checked>

  <label class="form-check-label" for="exampleRadios1">

    Default radio

  </label>

</div>

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="exampleRadios" id="exampleRadios2" value="option2">

  <label class="form-check-label" for="exampleRadios2">

    Second default radio

  </label>

</div>

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="exampleRadios" id="exampleRadios3" value="option3" disabled>

  <label class="form-check-label" for="exampleRadios3">

    Disabled radio

  </label>

</div>

{{< /example >}}

### Inline

Group checkboxes or radios on the same horizontal row by adding `.form-check-inline` to any `.form-check`.

{{< example >}}

<div class="form-check form-check-inline">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="inlineCheckbox1" value="option1">

  <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineCheckbox1">1</label>

</div>

<div class="form-check form-check-inline">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="inlineCheckbox2" value="option2">

  <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineCheckbox2">2</label>

</div>

<div class="form-check form-check-inline">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="inlineCheckbox3" value="option3" disabled>

  <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineCheckbox3">3 (disabled)</label>

</div>

{{< /example >}}

{{< example >}}

<div class="form-check form-check-inline">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions" id="inlineRadio1" value="option1">

  <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineRadio1">1</label>

</div>

<div class="form-check form-check-inline">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions" id="inlineRadio2" value="option2">

  <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineRadio2">2</label>

</div>

<div class="form-check form-check-inline">

  <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions" id="inlineRadio3" value="option3" disabled>

  <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineRadio3">3 (disabled)</label>

</div>

{{< /example >}}

### Without labels

Add `.position-static` to inputs within `.form-check` that don't have any label text. Remember to still provide some form of accessible name for assistive technologies (for instance, using `aria-label`).

{{< example >}}

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input position-static" type="checkbox" id="blankCheckbox" value="option1" aria-label="...">

</div>

<div class="form-check">

  <input class="form-check-input position-static" type="radio" name="blankRadio" id="blankRadio1" value="option1" aria-label="...">

</div>

{{< /example >}}

## Layout

Since Bootstrap applies `display: block` and `width: 100%` to almost all our form controls, forms will by default stack vertically. Additional classes can be used to vary this layout on a per-form basis.

### Form groups

The `.form-group` class is the easiest way to add some structure to forms. It provides a flexible class that encourages proper grouping of labels, controls, optional help text, and form validation messaging. By default it only applies `margin-bottom`, but it picks up additional styles in `.form-inline` as needed. Use it with `<fieldset>`s, `<div>`s, or nearly any other element.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="formGroupExampleInput">Example label</label>

    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="formGroupExampleInput" placeholder="Example input placeholder">

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="formGroupExampleInput2">Another label</label>

    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="formGroupExampleInput2" placeholder="Another input placeholder">

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

### Form grid

More complex forms can be built using our grid classes. Use these for form layouts that require multiple columns, varied widths, and additional alignment options.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="row">

    <div class="col">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="First name">

    </div>

    <div class="col">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Last name">

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

#### Form row

You may also swap `.row` for `.form-row`, a variation of our standard grid row that overrides the default column gutters for tighter and more compact layouts.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="First name">

    </div>

    <div class="col">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Last name">

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

More complex layouts can also be created with the grid system.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="form-group col-md-6">

      <label for="inputEmail4">Email</label>

      <input type="email" class="form-control" id="inputEmail4">

    </div>

    <div class="form-group col-md-6">

      <label for="inputPassword4">Password</label>

      <input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword4">

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="inputAddress">Address</label>

    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputAddress" placeholder="1234 Main St">

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="inputAddress2">Address 2</label>

    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputAddress2" placeholder="Apartment, studio, or floor">

  </div>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="form-group col-md-6">

      <label for="inputCity">City</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputCity">

    </div>

    <div class="form-group col-md-4">

      <label for="inputState">State</label>

      <select id="inputState" class="form-control">

        <option selected>Choose...</option>

        <option>...</option>

      </select>

    </div>

    <div class="form-group col-md-2">

      <label for="inputZip">Zip</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputZip">

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <div class="form-check">

      <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="gridCheck">

      <label class="form-check-label" for="gridCheck">

        Check me out

      </label>

    </div>

  </div>

  <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Sign in</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

#### Horizontal form

Create horizontal forms with the grid by adding the `.row` class to form groups and using the `.col-*-*` classes to specify the width of your labels and controls. Be sure to add `.col-form-label` to your `<label>`s as well so they're vertically centered with their associated form controls.

At times, you maybe need to use margin or padding utilities to create that perfect alignment you need. For example, we've removed the `padding-top` on our stacked radio inputs label to better align the text baseline.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="inputEmail3" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Email</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="email" class="form-control" id="inputEmail3">

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="inputPassword3" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Password</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword3">

    </div>

  </div>

  <fieldset class="form-group row">

    <legend class="col-form-label col-sm-2 float-sm-left pt-0">Radios</legend>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <div class="form-check">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="gridRadios" id="gridRadios1" value="option1" checked>

        <label class="form-check-label" for="gridRadios1">

          First radio

        </label>

      </div>

      <div class="form-check">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="gridRadios" id="gridRadios2" value="option2">

        <label class="form-check-label" for="gridRadios2">

          Second radio

        </label>

      </div>

      <div class="form-check disabled">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="gridRadios" id="gridRadios3" value="option3" disabled>

        <label class="form-check-label" for="gridRadios3">

          Third disabled radio

        </label>

      </div>

    </div>

  </fieldset>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <div class="col-sm-10 offset-sm-2">

      <div class="form-check">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="gridCheck1">

        <label class="form-check-label" for="gridCheck1">

          Example checkbox

        </label>

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Sign in</button>

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

##### Horizontal form label sizing

Be sure to use `.col-form-label-sm` or `.col-form-label-lg` to your `<label>`s or `<legend>`s to correctly follow the size of `.form-control-lg` and `.form-control-sm`.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="colFormLabelSm" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label col-form-label-sm">Email</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="email" class="form-control form-control-sm" id="colFormLabelSm" placeholder="col-form-label-sm">

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="colFormLabel" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Email</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="email" class="form-control" id="colFormLabel" placeholder="col-form-label">

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group row">

    <label for="colFormLabelLg" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label col-form-label-lg">Email</label>

    <div class="col-sm-10">

      <input type="email" class="form-control form-control-lg" id="colFormLabelLg" placeholder="col-form-label-lg">

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

#### Column sizing

As shown in the previous examples, our grid system allows you to place any number of `.col`s within a `.row` or `.form-row`. They'll split the available width equally between them. You may also pick a subset of your columns to take up more or less space, while the remaining `.col`s equally split the rest, with specific column classes like `.col-7`.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-7">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="City">

    </div>

    <div class="col">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="State">

    </div>

    <div class="col">

      <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Zip">

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

#### Auto-sizing

The example below uses a flexbox utility to vertically center the contents and changes `.col` to `.col-auto` so that your columns only take up as much space as needed. Put another way, the column sizes itself based on the contents.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row align-items-center">

    <div class="col-auto">

      <label class="sr-only" for="inlineFormInput">Name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control mb-2" id="inlineFormInput" placeholder="Jane Doe">

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto">

      <label class="sr-only" for="inlineFormInputGroup">Username</label>

      <div class="input-group mb-2">

        <div class="input-group-prepend">

          <div class="input-group-text">@</div>

        </div>

        <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inlineFormInputGroup" placeholder="Username">

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto">

      <div class="form-check mb-2">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="autoSizingCheck">

        <label class="form-check-label" for="autoSizingCheck">

          Remember me

        </label>

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto">

      <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary mb-2">Submit</button>

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

You can then remix that once again with size-specific column classes.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row align-items-center">

    <div class="col-sm-3 my-1">

      <label class="sr-only" for="inlineFormInputName">Name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inlineFormInputName" placeholder="Jane Doe">

    </div>

    <div class="col-sm-3 my-1">

      <label class="sr-only" for="inlineFormInputGroupUsername">Username</label>

      <div class="input-group">

        <div class="input-group-prepend">

          <div class="input-group-text">@</div>

        </div>

        <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inlineFormInputGroupUsername" placeholder="Username">

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto my-1">

      <div class="form-check">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="autoSizingCheck2">

        <label class="form-check-label" for="autoSizingCheck2">

          Remember me

        </label>

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto my-1">

      <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

And of course [custom form controls](#custom-forms) are supported.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row align-items-center">

    <div class="col-auto my-1">

      <label class="mr-sm-2 sr-only" for="inlineFormCustomSelect">Preference</label>

      <select class="custom-select mr-sm-2" id="inlineFormCustomSelect">

        <option selected>Choose...</option>

        <option value="1">One</option>

        <option value="2">Two</option>

        <option value="3">Three</option>

      </select>

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto my-1">

      <div class="custom-control custom-checkbox mr-sm-2">

        <input type="checkbox" class="custom-control-input" id="customControlAutosizing">

        <label class="custom-control-label" for="customControlAutosizing">Remember my preference</label>

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-auto my-1">

      <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>

    </div>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

### Inline forms

Use the `.form-inline` class to display a series of labels, form controls, and buttons on a single horizontal row. Form controls within inline forms vary slightly from their default states.

- Controls are `display: flex`, collapsing any HTML white space and allowing you to provide alignment control with [spacing]({{< docsref "/utilities/spacing" >}}) and [flexbox]({{< docsref "/utilities/flex" >}}) utilities.

- Controls and input groups receive `width: auto` to override the Bootstrap default `width: 100%`.

- Controls **only appear inline in viewports that are at least 576px wide** to account for narrow viewports on mobile devices.

You may need to manually address the width and alignment of individual form controls with [spacing utilities]({{< docsref "/utilities/spacing" >}}) (as shown below). Lastly, be sure to always include a `<label>` with each form control, even if you need to hide it from non-screenreader visitors with `.sr-only`.

{{< example >}}

<form class="form-inline">

  <label class="sr-only" for="inlineFormInputName2">Name</label>

  <input type="text" class="form-control mb-2 mr-sm-2" id="inlineFormInputName2" placeholder="Jane Doe">

  <label class="sr-only" for="inlineFormInputGroupUsername2">Username</label>

  <div class="input-group mb-2 mr-sm-2">

    <div class="input-group-prepend">

      <div class="input-group-text">@</div>

    </div>

    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inlineFormInputGroupUsername2" placeholder="Username">

  </div>

  <div class="form-check mb-2 mr-sm-2">

    <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="inlineFormCheck">

    <label class="form-check-label" for="inlineFormCheck">

      Remember me

    </label>

  </div>

  <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary mb-2">Submit</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

Custom form controls and selects are also supported.

{{< example >}}

<form class="form-inline">

  <label class="my-1 mr-2" for="inlineFormCustomSelectPref">Preference</label>

  <select class="custom-select my-1 mr-sm-2" id="inlineFormCustomSelectPref">

    <option selected>Choose...</option>

    <option value="1">One</option>

    <option value="2">Two</option>

    <option value="3">Three</option>

  </select>

  <div class="custom-control custom-checkbox my-1 mr-sm-2">

    <input type="checkbox" class="custom-control-input" id="customControlInline">

    <label class="custom-control-label" for="customControlInline">Remember my preference</label>

  </div>

  <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary my-1">Submit</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

{{< callout warning >}}

##### Alternatives to hidden labels

Assistive technologies such as screen readers will have trouble with your forms if you don't include a label for every input. For these inline forms, you can hide the labels using the `.sr-only` class. There are further alternative methods of providing a label for assistive technologies, such as the `aria-label`, `aria-labelledby` or `title` attribute. If none of these are present, assistive technologies may resort to using the `placeholder` attribute, if present, but note that use of `placeholder` as a replacement for other labelling methods is not advised.

{{< /callout >}}

## Help text

Block-level help text in forms can be created using `.form-text` (previously known as `.help-block` in v3). Inline help text can be flexibly implemented using any inline HTML element and utility classes like `.text-muted`.

{{< callout warning >}}

##### Associating help text with form controls

Help text should be explicitly associated with the form control it relates to using the `aria-describedby` attribute. This will ensure that assistive technologies—such as screen readers—will announce this help text when the user focuses or enters the control.

{{< /callout >}}

Help text below inputs can be styled with `.form-text`. This class includes `display: block` and adds some top margin for easy spacing from the inputs above.

{{< example >}}

<label for="inputPassword5">Password</label>

<input type="password" id="inputPassword5" class="form-control" aria-describedby="passwordHelpBlock">

<small id="passwordHelpBlock" class="form-text text-muted">

  Your password must be 8-20 characters long, contain letters and numbers, and must not contain spaces, special characters, or emoji.

</small>

{{< /example >}}

Inline text can use any typical inline HTML element (be it a `<small>`, `<span>`, or something else) with nothing more than a utility class.

{{< example >}}

<form class="form-inline">

  <div class="form-group">

    <label for="inputPassword6">Password</label>

    <input type="password" id="inputPassword6" class="form-control mx-sm-3" aria-describedby="passwordHelpInline">

    <small id="passwordHelpInline" class="text-muted">

      Must be 8-20 characters long.

    </small>

  </div>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

## Disabled forms

Add the `disabled` boolean attribute on an input to prevent user interactions and make it appear lighter.

```html

<input class="form-control" id="disabledInput" type="text" placeholder="Disabled input here..." disabled>

```

Add the `disabled` attribute to a `<fieldset>` to disable all the controls within.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <fieldset disabled>

    <legend>Disabled fieldset example</legend>

    <div class="form-group">

      <label for="disabledTextInput">Disabled input</label>

      <input type="text" id="disabledTextInput" class="form-control" placeholder="Disabled input">

    </div>

    <div class="form-group">

      <label for="disabledSelect">Disabled select menu</label>

      <select id="disabledSelect" class="form-control">

        <option>Disabled select</option>

      </select>

    </div>

    <div class="form-group">

      <div class="form-check">

        <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" id="disabledFieldsetCheck" disabled>

        <label class="form-check-label" for="disabledFieldsetCheck">

          Can't check this

        </label>

      </div>

    </div>

    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>

  </fieldset>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

{{< callout warning >}}

##### Caveat with anchors

Browsers treat all native form controls (`<input>`, `<select>`, and `<button>` elements) inside a `<fieldset disabled>` as disabled, preventing both keyboard and mouse interactions on them.

However, if your form also includes custom button-like elements such as `<a ... class="btn btn-*">`, these will only be given a style of `pointer-events: none`. As noted in the section about [disabled state for buttons]({{< docsref "/components/buttons#disabled-state" >}}) (and specifically in the sub-section for anchor elements), this CSS property is not yet standardized and isn't fully supported in Internet Explorer 10. The anchor-based controls will also still be focusable and operable using the keyboard. You must manually modify these controls by adding `tabindex="-1"` to prevent them from receiving focus and `aria-disabled="disabled"` to signal their state to assistive technologies.

{{< /callout >}}

{{< callout danger >}}

#### Cross-browser compatibility

While Bootstrap will apply these styles in all browsers, Internet Explorer 11 and below don't fully support the `disabled` attribute on a `<fieldset>`. Use custom JavaScript to disable the fieldset in these browsers.

{{< /callout >}}

## Validation

Provide valuable, actionable feedback to your users with HTML5 form validation–[available in all our supported browsers](https://caniuse.com/form-validation). Choose from the browser default validation feedback, or implement custom messages with our built-in classes and starter JavaScript.

{{< callout warning >}}

We are aware that currently the client-side custom validation styles and tooltips are not accessible, since they are not exposed to assistive technologies. While we work on a solution, we'd recommend either using the server-side option or the default browser validation method.

{{< /callout >}}

### How it works

Here's how form validation works with Bootstrap:

- HTML form validation is applied via CSS's two pseudo-classes, `:invalid` and `:valid`. It applies to `<input>`, `<select>`, and `<textarea>` elements.

- Bootstrap scopes the `:invalid` and `:valid` styles to parent `.was-validated` class, usually applied to the `<form>`. Otherwise, any required field without a value shows up as invalid on page load. This way, you may choose when to activate them (typically after form submission is attempted).

- To reset the appearance of the form (for instance, in the case of dynamic form submissions using AJAX), remove the `.was-validated` class from the `<form>` again after submission.

- As a fallback, `.is-invalid` and `.is-valid` classes may be used instead of the pseudo-classes for [server side validation](#server-side). They do not require a `.was-validated` parent class.

- Due to constraints in how CSS works, we cannot (at present) apply styles to a `<label>` that comes before a form control in the DOM without the help of custom JavaScript.

- All modern browsers support the [constraint validation API](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/form-control-infrastructure.html#the-constraint-validation-api), a series of JavaScript methods for validating form controls.

- Feedback messages may utilize the [browser defaults](#browser-defaults) (different for each browser, and unstylable via CSS) or our custom feedback styles with additional HTML and CSS.

- You may provide custom validity messages with `setCustomValidity` in JavaScript.

With that in mind, consider the following demos for our custom form validation styles, optional server side classes, and browser defaults.

### Custom styles

For custom Bootstrap form validation messages, you'll need to add the `novalidate` boolean attribute to your `<form>`. This disables the browser default feedback tooltips, but still provides access to the form validation APIs in JavaScript. Try to submit the form below; our JavaScript will intercept the submit button and relay feedback to you. When attempting to submit, you'll see the `:invalid` and `:valid` styles applied to your form controls.

Custom feedback styles apply custom colors, borders, focus styles, and background icons to better communicate feedback. Background icons for `<select>`s are only available with `.custom-select`, and not `.form-control`.

{{< example >}}

<form class="needs-validation" novalidate>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationCustom01">First name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom01" value="Mark" required>

      <div class="valid-feedback">

        Looks good!

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationCustom02">Last name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom02" value="Otto" required>

      <div class="valid-feedback">

        Looks good!

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationCustom03">City</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom03" required>

      <div class="invalid-feedback">

        Please provide a valid city.

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3 mb-3">

      <label for="validationCustom04">State</label>

      <select class="custom-select" id="validationCustom04" required>

        <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>

        <option>...</option>

      </select>

      <div class="invalid-feedback">

        Please select a valid state.

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3 mb-3">

      <label for="validationCustom05">Zip</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom05" required>

      <div class="invalid-feedback">

        Please provide a valid zip.

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <div class="form-check">

      <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck" required>

      <label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck">

        Agree to terms and conditions

      </label>

      <div class="invalid-feedback">

        You must agree before submitting.

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>

</form>

<script>

// Example starter JavaScript for disabling form submissions if there are invalid fields

(function() {

  'use strict';

  window.addEventListener('load', function() {

    // Fetch all the forms we want to apply custom Bootstrap validation styles to

    var forms = document.getElementsByClassName('needs-validation');

    // Loop over them and prevent submission

    var validation = Array.prototype.filter.call(forms, function(form) {

      form.addEventListener('submit', function(event) {

        if (form.checkValidity() === false) {

          event.preventDefault();

          event.stopPropagation();

        }

        form.classList.add('was-validated');

      }, false);

    });

  }, false);

})();

</script>

{{< /example >}}

### Browser defaults

Not interested in custom validation feedback messages or writing JavaScript to change form behaviors? All good, you can use the browser defaults. Try submitting the form below. Depending on your browser and OS, you'll see a slightly different style of feedback.

While these feedback styles cannot be styled with CSS, you can still customize the feedback text through JavaScript.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationDefault01">First name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault01" value="Mark" required>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationDefault02">Last name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault02" value="Otto" required>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationDefault03">City</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault03" required>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3 mb-3">

      <label for="validationDefault04">State</label>

      <select class="custom-select" id="validationDefault04" required>

        <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>

        <option>...</option>

      </select>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3 mb-3">

      <label for="validationDefault05">Zip</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault05" required>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <div class="form-check">

      <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck2" required>

      <label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck2">

        Agree to terms and conditions

      </label>

    </div>

  </div>

  <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

### Server side

We recommend using client-side validation, but in case you require server-side validation, you can indicate invalid and valid form fields with `.is-invalid` and `.is-valid`. Note that `.invalid-feedback` is also supported with these classes.

For invalid fields, ensure that the invalid feedback/error message is associated with the relevant form field using `aria-describedby`. This attribute allows more than one `id` to be referenced, in case the field already points to additional form text.

{{< example >}}

<form>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationServer01">First name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control is-valid" id="validationServer01" value="Mark" required>

      <div class="valid-feedback">

        Looks good!

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationServer02">Last name</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control is-valid" id="validationServer02" value="Otto" required>

      <div class="valid-feedback">

        Looks good!

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-row">

    <div class="col-md-6 mb-3">

      <label for="validationServer03">City</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServer03" aria-describedby="validationServer03Feedback" required>

      <div id="validationServer03Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">

        Please provide a valid city.

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3 mb-3">

      <label for="validationServer04">State</label>

      <select class="custom-select is-invalid" id="validationServer04" aria-describedby="validationServer04Feedback" required>

        <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>

        <option>...</option>

      </select>

      <div id="validationServer04Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">

        Please select a valid state.

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3 mb-3">

      <label for="validationServer05">Zip</label>

      <input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServer05" aria-describedby="validationServer05Feedback" required>

      <div id="validationServer05Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">

        Please provide a valid zip.

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="form-group">

    <div class="form-check">

      <input class="form-check-input is-invalid" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck3" aria-describedby="invalidCheck3Feedback" required>

      <label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck3">

        Agree to terms and conditions

      </label>

      <div  id="invalidCheck3Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">

        You must agree before submitting.

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>

</form>

{{< /example >}}

### Supported elements

Validation styles are available for the following form controls and components:

- `<input>`s and `<textarea>`s with `.form-control`

- `<select>`s with `.form-control` or `.custom-select`

- `.form-check`s

- `.custom-checkbox`s and `.custom-radio`s

- `.custom-file`

{{< example >}}

<form class="was-validated">

  <div class="mb-3">

    <label for="validationTextarea">Textarea</label>

    <textarea class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationTextarea" placeholder="Required example textarea" required></textarea>

    <div class="invalid-feedback">

      Please enter a message in the textarea.

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="custom-control custom-checkbox mb-3">

    <input type="checkbox" class="custom-control-input" id="customControlValidation1" required>

    <label class="custom-control-label" for="customControlValidation1">Check this custom checkbox</label>

    <div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid feedback text</div>

  </div>

  <div class="custom-control custom-radio">

    <input type="radio" class="custom-control-input" id="customControlValidation2" name="radio-stacked" required>

    <label class="custom-control-label" for="customControlValidation2">Toggle this custom radio</label>

  </div>

  <div class="custom-control custom-radio mb-3">

    <input type="radio" class="custom-control-input" id="customControlValidation3" name="radio-stacked" required>

    <label class="custom-control-label" for="customControlValidation3">Or toggle this other custom radio</label>

    <div class="invalid-feedback">More example invalid feedback text</div>

  </div>

  <div class="mb-3">

    <select class="custom-select" required>

      <option value="">Choose...</option>

      <option value="1">One</option>

      <option value="2">Two</option>

      <option value="3">Three</option>

    </select>

    <div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid custom select feedback</div>

  </div>

  <div class="custom-file mb-3">

    <input type="file" class="custom-file-input" id="validatedCustomFile" required>

    <label class="custom-file-label" for="validatedCustomFile">Choose file...</label>

    <div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid custom file feedback</div>

  </div>

  <div class="mb-3">

    <div class="input-group is-invalid">

      <div class="input-group-prepend">

        <span class="input-group-text" id="validatedInputGroupPrepend">@</span>

      </div>

      <input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" aria-describedby="validatedInputGroupPrepend" required>

    </div>

    <div class="invalid-feedback">

      Example invalid input group feedback

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class="mb-3">

    <div class="input-group is-invalid">

      <div class="input-group-prepend">

        <label class="input-group-text" for="validatedInputGroupSelect">Options</label>

      </div>

      <select class="custom-select" id="validatedInputGroupSelect" required>